Oil and gas regulation in Serbia: overview

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in Serbia.

The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform.

To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool.

This Q&A is part of the global guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-guide.

Ivan Nonković, Ana Luković and Petar Mitrović, Karanovic & Nikolic Law Firm
Contents

Domestic sector

1. Describe the domestic sector for oil and gas, including liquefied natural gas (LNG).

The main characteristics of the Serbian oil and gas sector include:

  • High import dependence.

  • Privatisation of national oil and gas companies.

  • Strategic partnership with the Russian Federation.

  • Gradual deregulation of the legal framework and harmonisation with the EU.

The Serbian legal framework does not differentiate between natural gas and LNG and therefore the same requirements and conditions apply.

Serbia has some oil and gas reserves; however, these are not sufficient to feed domestic consumption (see Question 2). Domestic production of oil and gas is steadily decreasing due to the exhaustion of existing oil and gas deposits and the low level of new exploration activities.

The only entity in Serbia engaged in exploration and production of oil and gas is Naftna industrija Srbije ad Novi Sad (NIS). In 2009, NIS was privatised by the Russian company Gasprom Neft, which currently holds around 56% of the shares in the company. This acquisition, and further co-operation in the oil and gas sector, was based on an agreement concluded between the Russian Federation and Serbia in 2008.

Serbia is a member of the Energy Community (other members of which are Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, Ukraine and Moldova), the aim of which is the integration of the energy sectors of its members. The ultimate aim of Serbia (and other members of the Energy Community) is integration into the EU, which would make its energy sector part of the EU's common market. Therefore, the Serbian energy legislative framework is being harmonised with EU's laws in order to prepare its entire energy sector (including oil and gas) for eventual integration into the EU.

Oil

Production of oil in Serbia takes place in 59 oil deposits with 815 drills. NIS also has concessions in Angola, where around 5% of NIS's total oil production is located.

The processing of oil is performed in two refineries, both owned and managed by NIS, in Pančevo and Novi Sad. The total capacity of these two refineries is 7.3 million tonnes of crude oil annually. In 2013, the refinery in Pančevo will solely focus on the production of gasoline and diesel fuel, the quality of which will be in compliance with EU requirements.

The city of Smederevo is currently negotiating with foreign investors on the construction of a third oil refinery worth approximately EUR250 million. Imports of crude oil into Serbia are mainly through an oil pipeline from Croatia to Pančevo. This pipeline is part of the Adriatic pipeline JANAF.

Transport of oil derivatives is by rail, ships and road. There are no product pipelines in Serbia, although those are planned to be constructed in the future. Trade in oil and oil derivatives is performed by a number of entities. The numbers of currently issued licences are:

  • 13 for the storage of fuel.

  • 190 for trade with oil and oil derivatives.

  • 414 for retail trade with oil derivatives (gasoline stations).

NIS is a dominant retailer of oil derivatives in Serbia while the other major retailers include Lukoil, OMV, EKO, Intermol and AVIA.

Gas

The largest deposits of gas in Serbia are located in the north of the country, in Vojvodina. Serbian gas needs (that cannot be settled by domestic production) are met by the importation of gas from Russia through Ukraine and Hungary. However, Serbia is envisaged to be one of the countries through which the international Southern Stream pipeline will go. This would mean gas from Russia being transported under the Black Sea to Europe.

Almost the entire existing Serbian gas pipeline system is owned and managed by the state-owned public entity Srbijagas, except for the gas pipeline from Pojate to Niš, which is owned by the company Jugorosgas (majority owned by Gasprom).

Storage of gas is performed by the company Banatski Dvor, which is majority owned by Gasprom. Banatski Dvor operates with a gas storage capacity of 450 million cubic metres. It is planned that its capacity is to reach 800 million cubic metres within the next couple of years.

 
2. What percentage of domestic energy needs is met by oil and gas?

Oil

According to official data, it is estimated that in 2013, 43% of crude oil will be from domestic production while 57% will be imported. Both domestic and imported crude oil will be processed in NIS's refineries into oil derivatives.

It is estimated that 80% of domestic needs for oil derivatives will be settled by production in NIS's refineries, while the remaining 20% will need to be imported.

Gas

According to official data, it is estimated that in 2013, 17% of gas will be from domestic production while 83% will be imported.

 

Domestic policy

3. What is the domestic policy on oil and gas?

Serbian domestic policy on oil and gas is based on three considerations:

  • Local needs and characteristics.

  • Membership in the Energy Community.

  • EU integration.

Serbian policy on oil and gas therefore has the following objectives:

  • Creating a competitive integrated energy market with its neighbours.

  • Attracting investments in energy.

  • Providing secure and sustainable energy supplies to customers.

Government

The Serbian Government has a leading role in determining domestic energy policy. This is determined on the basis of energy strategies and action plans for the enforcement of strategies. A new energy strategy is expected to be adopted in the near future. The current specific objectives are:

  • The exploration and exploitation of new oil and gas deposits.

  • Further gasification in Serbia, which would lead to a decrease in the use of electricity by households for heating. The overuse of electricity by households for heating purposes is currently one of the major obstacles for the development of the Serbian energy sector.

  • The construction of the Southern Stream gas pipeline and obtaining alternative gas supply sources.

  • The improvement of both energy efficiency and environmental protection.

Other regulatory bodies

Other regulatory bodies do not have any authority when it comes to proposing policies. Their function is to implement and to supervise the implementation of the policy laid down by the government.

 

Regulation

The regulatory regime

4. Describe the regulatory regime that applies to oil and gas exploration and production, including the key legislation and features of the regime.

Oil and gas exploration and production is heavily regulated. Engagement in oil and gas exploration and production involves obtaining numerous licences and permits from different state authorities, the fulfilment of a number of conditions relating to technical standards, health and safety, environment, reporting requirements, inspection controls, and so on.

The main laws regulating this area are:

  • Energy Law. This regulates aims of the energy policy, conditions for the performance of energy activities, the functioning of the electricity and gas market, the protection of consumers, and so on.

  • Law on Pipeline Transport of Gaseous and Liquid Hydrocarbons and the Distribution of Gaseous Hydrocarbons. This regulates the pipeline transport of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons, the distribution of gaseous hydrocarbons, the construction and maintenance of pipelines, and so on.

  • Law on Mining and Geology Explorations. This regulates mineral policy, conditions for exploration and production of minerals (including oil and gas), the construction and maintenance of mining related premises, decommissioning, and so on.

  • Law on Public-Private Partnership and Concessions. This regulates public-private partnerships and the awarding of concessions.

  • Law on Planning and Construction. This regulates conditions for the planning and development of land, construction of objects, and so on.

There are also a number of laws regulating environment protection, such as the Law on Environment Protection, Law on Nature Protection, Law on Integrated Control and Environment Pollution Prevention, Law on Environment Impact Assessment, Law on Waste Management, Law on Noise Prevention, and others.

 

Regulatory bodies

5. Who regulates the extraction of oil and gas?

The extraction of oil and gas is regulated by a number of authorities. The most important matters such as laws, national strategies and action plans are adopted by parliament. However, the central role in extraction of oil and gas is held by the government and two ministries:

  • The Ministry of Natural Resources, Mining and Spatial Planning (Mining Ministry).

  • The Ministry of Energy, Development and Environment Protection (Energy Ministry).

Among other things, the government proposes the national energy strategy, adopts a programme for the implementation of the strategy and regulates the conditions and the manner of gas supply.

The Mining Ministry issues permits for the performance of oil and gas exploration and extraction, issues licences for staff engaged in oil and gas exploration and extraction, gives technical rules, and so on. However, permits for oil and gas exploration and extraction in the territory of the autonomous region Vojvodina are issued by Vojvodina's authorities. Since almost all Serbian oil and gas deposits are located in Vojvodina, Vojvodina's authorities are competent for the issuance of such permits in most cases.

The Energy Ministry, among other things, proposes acts to the government (including acts on the conditions and manner of gas supply), regulates conditions for the issuance of energy permits, energy licences and environmental permits, and sets out technical rules. The Energy Ministry also has a central role in environmental protection.

Some of the important functions in the oil and gas sector are performed by the Serbian Energy Agency (Energy Agency). The Energy Agency sets the methodologies for the determination of regulated prices, issues licences for the performance of energy activities, approves rules for activities of transport systems, and so on.

In addition, certain competences are performed by the local governments, such as inspections, issuance of certain local permits, and so on.

See box: The regulatory authorities.

 

Rights to oil and gas

Ownership

6. How are rights to oil and gas held, and who holds those rights?

Under Serbian law, all mineral resources, including oil and gas, are under state ownership. However, once extracted, those fall under the ownership of the entity authorised to perform the extraction and the entity can dispose of them freely through sale, or processing and the production of derivatives.

Ownership of oil and gas is therefore severable from the ownership of the land. The entity performing the extraction can own or lease property where oil or gas resources have been located while non-extracted resources fall under state ownership.

 

Nature of oil and gas rights

7. What are the key features of the leases, licences or concessions which are issued under the regulatory regime? Can these rights be leased by the right-holder?

Lease/licence/concession term

The period over which extraction is allowed depends on the basis on which the extraction rights have been provided. Extraction can be performed on the basis of a:

  • Permit issued by the Mining Ministry or government of Vojvodina (permit). The duration is determined in the individual permit and depends on the amount of mineral reserves extracted. There is no legal maximum term for extraction. As a rule, a permit is issued for the entire period needed for full extraction from the deposit and therefore cannot be extended.

  • Concession agreement. A concession can be awarded for a period of up to 50 years. This period cannot be prolonged save in situations where the concessionaire was prevented from using concession.

Fees

An entity extracting oil and gas is obliged to pay the fees for extracted resources. For more details on these fees, see Question 9.

Liability

An entity performing an activity that is potentially hazardous to the health, property and environment is liable for any damage incurred as a consequence of its activity, regardless of fault. There is no limitation to such liability and the responsible entity is obliged to recompense the entire amount of damages.

Restrictions

Exploration and extraction cannot be performed by an entity that has:

  • Public debts relating to earlier explorations or extractions, or other public debts.

  • Unlawfully performed explorations or extractions.

  • Not fulfilled the obligations relating to environmental protection.

 
8. How are such leases, licences or concessions awarded?

Permit

Permits for exploration of oil and gas are issued on the basis of a public tender. A public tender can be initiated either by the Mining Ministry (or the government of Vojvodina) or an entity interested in performing explorations.

A permit for extraction is issued on the basis of a request by an entity that has performed an exploration. The right to explore and extract oil and gas can be transferred and therefore, an entity that has performed exploration can transfer its rights to another entity to perform the extraction.

Concession agreement

A concession agreement is awarded on the basis of a public tender. Such a tender is launched by the government of Serbia, or the government of Vojvodina for exploration or extraction in Vojvodina.

 
9. What payments, such as taxes or royalties, are payable by oil and gas interest holders to the government? Does the government derive any other economic benefits from oil and gas exploration and production?

An entity extracting oil and gas must pay a consideration determined by the Serbian government each year. For 2013, it is RSD10,000 per square kilometre of exploration field (which is, under the Law on Mining and Geology Explorations, the maximum amount that can be determined for any year).

In addition, the extracting entity must pay 7% of its income from the sale of crude or processed oil and gas.

If the exploration and extraction is on the basis of a concession agreement, then the consideration to be paid is determined under the concession agreement. However, this determined consideration cannot be lower than what would otherwise be due, as above.

For other government benefits from oil and gas exploration and extraction, see Questions 22 and 23.

 

Transfer of rights

10. How are oil and gas rights transferred? Are there any restrictions on the disposal of interests?

Rights to explore and extract oil and gas can be transferred to third parties. In particular, both a permit and concession agreement for the exploration and extraction of oil and gas can be transferred. Such a transfer requires the consent of the authority that issued the permit or concession agreement.

 

Transportation by pipeline

11. What regulatory requirements apply to the construction and operation of pipelines?

There are number of regulatory requirements to be met for the construction and operation of pipelines, covering:

  • Construction.

  • Energy.

  • Water management.

  • Environment.

  • Health and safety.

The rights and duties of a pipeline operator are regulated in detail and encompass health and safety, co-ordination with other systems, secure supply, balancing, access to the pipelines, and so on.

 
12. Is there a system of third party access to pipelines and other infrastructure?

Access to pipelines is generally guaranteed to all third parties and can be denied only in exceptional circumstances. Access is granted on the basis of an agreement concluded between the operator and the third party.

Access can be denied only in the case of a lack of transport capacity, if the system is overloaded, if the connection of the third party would jeopardise the work of the system or for other related reasons.

If access is denied, a third party can submit an appeal to the Energy Agency.

 

Health, safety and the environment

Health and safety

13. Describe the health and safety regime that applies to oil and gas exploration and extraction, and transportation by pipeline.

Exploration

Health and safety in the oil and gas industry is regulated under the Law on Health and Safety at Workplaces, which was enacted in 2005, and the Law on Mining and Geological Explorations, which was enacted in 2011.

The main obligations of the holder of an exploitation permit include, among other things:

  • Enacting an internal document on risk assessment.

  • Providing adequate equipment for the personal protection of employees.

  • Ensuring fire protection.

  • Ensuring chemical and other accidents protection.

  • Training employees.

  • Organising the medical examinations of employees.

  • Engaging a licensed organisation for the examination of the equipment and personnel.

  • Determining a person in charge of health and safety.

  • Creating reporting procedures.

  • Keeping records of hazards and injuries.

The holder of the exploitation permit should ensure that the general public is prevented from entering the site.

More specific requirements for health and safety protection are regulated through the secondary regulation. The bye-laws that currently regulate this area were enacted for the implementation of the previous Law on Mining and Geological Explorations. The enactment of new bye-laws is expected by the end of 2013.

Extraction

The general provisions of the Law on Health and Safety at Workplaces and the Law on Mining and Geological Explorations are applicable to the extraction of oil and gas.

Transportation

The general provisions of the Law on Health and Safety at Workplaces and the Law on Mining and Geological Explorations are applicable to the transportation of oil and gas.

 

Flares and vents

14. Are flare and vent regulations in place?

The Law on the Transportation of Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbon by Pipelines only provides very general provisions on flaring and venting in relation to the use and maintenance of pipelines for transportation of oil and gas. Occasional burning or emissions are only allowed for non-toxic substances and liquids that turn into gas under atmospheric pressure. The Minister of Natural Resources, Mining and Spatial Planning was supposed to have enacted special procedures for the emission of liquids by December 2012 but those are not yet enacted and it is not certain when this can be expected.

The general rules on emissions limitations set out under different environmental laws, such as the Law on Waters and the Law on Air Protection, also apply.

 

Environmental impact assessments (EIAs)

15. Is an EIA required before extracting or processing oil and gas?

An EIA is required before extracting and processing oil and gas. The EIA must be prepared by an external entity that has the preparation of EIAs among its registered business activities and which engages licensed persons for the preparation of specific EIAs.

 
16. What are the different stages of the EIA?

The EIA procedure has three stages:

  • Determining the requirement for an EIA on the request of an applicant (in projects where an EIA may be required but it is not mandatory).

  • Determining the scope and content of the EIA, if the EIA is required.

  • Approval of the EIA.

The timeframe for the completion of all three EIA stages is not explicitly legally determined and it depends on the complexity of each particular project. In practice, it may take four to six months to obtain the EIA approval, while in some cases it may be prolonged and last over a year.

 

Environmental permits

17. Is there a permit regime for environmental damage or emissions produced during the extraction or processing of oil and gas?

The integrated permit regime for environmental pollution is regulated under the Law on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, which sets out certain activities for which an integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) permit is required. An IPPC permit is required for the processing of oil and gas. However, such a permit is not needed for the extraction of oil and gas.

Depending on the specific emissions, a special permit regime can apply under different environmental regulations such as the Law on Air Protection, the Law on Waters, the Law on Waste Management, the Law on Chemicals and the Law on Protection from Noise and Vibrations.

 

Waste

18. What are the regulations on the disposal of waste products resulting from oil or gas extraction or processing?

The Law on Mining and Geological Explorations regulates the management of waste resulting from oil or gas industry. This law is applicable only to mining waste (which includes the waste made by geological exploration or the extraction or processing of oil and gas), while other types of waste (including specific waste streams) fall under the general waste management regime regulated under the Law on Waste Management.

Under the Law on Mining and Geological Explorations, the holder of an exploitation permit must:

  • Manage the mining waste in accordance with the relevant waste management plan.

  • Engage a person with a licence for the management of mining waste.

  • Obtain a waste management permit for the management of mining waste.

Waste management plans are prepared by licensed organisations in Serbia. Secondary regulations on management of mining waste are yet to be introduced.

 

Decommissioning

19. What are the decommissioning obligations and liabilities that arise?

The holder of the exploitation permit rehabilitates the land at the relevant exploited location on finalisation of the works. The final deadline for such rehabilitation is one year from the completion of works. Such rehabilitation should be conducted in accordance with the relevant project for rehabilitation, which is an integral part of the documentation based on which the exploitation permit is issued.

 

Sale and trade

20. How is trade in oil and gas usually completed?

Trade in oil and gas is regarded as an energy activity and, as such, requires a licence and the fulfilment of other requirements. In other respects the import, export and trade in oil and oil derivatives is, generally, freely performed. However, trade in gas is subject to a stricter regime. Serbian laws differentiate between the public supply of gas (performed by the Public Supplier appointed by the government) and other trade. While public supply (the beneficiaries of which are currently both domestic households and companies, but in the future their number will decrease) is heavily regulated and is performed under regulated prices. Other trade in gas, although also regulated is under a more relaxed regime.

All gas buyers except households are free to choose their gas supplier. Households will have that right only from 1 January 2015. Until then, households are obliged to purchase gas from the Public Supplier.

 
21. Are oil and gas prices regulated?

Serbian laws differentiate between oil and gas prices. Oil prices are not regulated. However, the government is entitled to maximise the price of oil derivatives in order to prevent disturbances in the oil market. So far, the government has not undertaken such action.

Two regimes are applicable to gas prices. Prices are regulated for public gas supply (and such prices are below market prices), while other gas prices are not regulated.

All entities connected to the natural gas distribution system have the right to a public gas supply (under regulated prices). This means that consumers connected directly to the natural gas transport system do not have this right. However, from 1 January 2015 only households and small companies will be entitled to public supply (see Question 20).

 

Tax

22. What are the main tax issues arising on oil and gas works?

The general tax regime applies to entities engaged in oil and gas works. Entities engaged in oil and gas works are required to pay corporate income tax on their taxable profit (financial profit adjusted in line with tax laws) at 15%.

Supplies made within the sector are subject to VAT at a general rate of 20%, apart from the supply of natural gas (but not services related to supply, such as storage of natural gas), which is subject to an 8% rate. Taxable persons can deduct their input VAT from output VAT.

Entities engaged in oil and gas works are also subject to other taxes in Serbia, such as personal income tax and property taxes. Engagement in oil and gas works also triggers some specific tax requirements, such as:

  • A fee for geological explorations of RSD10,000 per square metre of the exploration site.

  • A fee for use of mineral resources under the Law on Geological Explorations and Mining as a percentage of the income realised from the mineral extracted at:

    • 3% for coal; and

    • 7% for oil and gas.

See Question 23.

 
23. What taxes and duties apply on import and export of oil and gas?

The export of oil, oil derivatives and natural gas is exempt from taxes and duties.

The general regime applicable for the import of oil, oil derivatives and natural gas is as follows:

  • VAT at rate of 20% (8% for natural gas).

  • Custom duties ranging from 1% to 10% (natural gas imported from members of the Energy Community is exempt from custom duties).

  • Excise on oil derivatives, depending on the type of oil derivative, of up to RSD62 per litre.

Serbia has a network of several trade treaties (including the EU, Russia and Turkey), which provide for the preferential treatment of import/export of certain goods.

 

Enforcement of regulation

24. What are the regulator's enforcement powers?

Orders

The state authorities supervise the implementation of the laws and compliance of the entities with the laws. As part of this, state authorities can order entities to comply with laws or fulfil requirements, and forbid them to perform their activities until all their obligations are duly met.

Fines and penalties

Serbian laws provide for a number of offences that vary from misdemeanours to criminal offences (under Serbian law, a legal entity can also be subject to criminal procedures). Generally, monetary fines under Serbian laws can amount to as much as RSD3 million. However, in criminal proceedings, fines are significantly higher and the penalty can even result in the mandatory liquidation of a company.

In addition, entities will also be obliged to recompense for damages incurred as a result of offences committed.

Other

Within the scope of their authority, state bodies are entitled to, among other things, initiate investigations, examine documentation, request information and documentation from entities, order the remedying of incompliance, initiate proceedings against entities.

 
25. Is there a right of appeal against the regulator's decisions?

Entities can claim protection from a regulator's decisions in two ways:

  • Based on an appeal, in an administrative procedure.

  • Under a court procedure.

Generally, an appeal is always allowed against any regulator's decision unless it is explicitly forbidden (which is rare). The general term for deciding an appeal is 30 days (60 days in more complicated matters). However, in certain situations the legislator provides for shorter terms such as 15 or even eight days.

If an appeal is not allowed, or if a decision in the appeal procedure is rendered but it does not satisfy the appealing entity, it can generally initiate court proceedings against the administrative decision.

Unfortunately, in practice, court proceedings can last for many years.

 

Reform

26. Are there plans for changes to the legal and regulatory framework?

One of the characteristics of the Serbian oil and gas sector is the gradual deregulation of the legislation framework and harmonisation with the EU. In addition, as part of the Energy Community, Serbia undertook an obligation to integrate its energy market with other members of the Energy Community.

Serbia is therefore in a continuous process of reform of its entire energy sector, including oil and gas, the aim of which is complete harmonisation with EU laws.

 

The regulatory authorities

Ministry of Natural Resources, Mining and Spatial Planning (Mining Ministry)

Address. Omladinskih brigada 1, 11000 Belgrade
T +381 11 3131 359
F +381 11 3131 394
E kabinet.min@merz.gov.rs
W www.mprrpp.gov.rs

Main responsibilities. Issues permits for oil and gas exploration and extraction, issue licences for professionals engaged in oil and gas exploration and extraction, sets out technical rules, and so on.

Ministry of Energy, Development and Environment Protection (Energy Ministry)

Address. Nemanjina 22-26, 11000 Belgrade
T +381 11 3617 722
E kabinet.min@merz.gov.rs
W www.merz.gov.rs/lat/contacts

Main responsibilities. Proposes acts to the government (including on the conditions and manner of gas supply), regulates the conditions for issuance of energy permits, energy licences and environmental permits, and sets out technical rules. It also has a central role in environmental protection.

Energy Agency of Republic of Serbia (Energy Agency)

Address. Terazije 5, 11000 Belgrade
T +381 11 3033 829
F +381 11 3225 780
E aers@aers.rs
W www.aers.rs

Main responsibilities. Sets out methodologies for the determination of regulated prices, issues licences for performance of energy activities, and approves rules on work of transport systems, and so on.



Online resources

W www.mprrpp.gov.rs/en/documents

Description. This is the official webpage of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Mining and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Serbia. The translation of the Law on Mining and Geological Research provided on this webpage is unofficial and the projects are outdated.

W www.parlament.gov.rs/narodna-skupstina-.871.html

Description. This is the official webpage of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia. The Serbian versions of all laws applicable in Serbia may be found here and the webpage is up to date.



Contributor profiles

Ivan Nonković, Associate

Karanovic & Nikolic Law Firm

T +381 11 3094 200
F +381 11 3094 223
E ivan.nonkovic@karanovic-nikolic.com
W www.karanovic-nikolic.com

Areas of practice. Corporate; environment; M&A; employment.

Languages. English, Serbian

Ana Luković, Associate

Karanovic & Nikolic Law Firm

T +381 11 3094 200
F +381 11 3094 223
E ana.lukovic@karanovic-nikolic.com
W www.karanovic-nikolic.com

Areas of practice. Corporate; environment; M&A; employment.

Languages. English, Serbian

Petar Mitrovic, Associate

Karanovic & Nikolic Law Firm

T +381 11 3094 266
F +381 11 3094 223
E petar.mitrovic@karanovic-nikolic.com
W www.karanovic-nikolic.com

Areas of practice. Energy; tax; corporate.

Languages. English, Serbian


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