Index to Gringras The Laws of the Internet, 3rd Edition

A

Abuse of dominant position

(see and see Competition law)

abuse

access to essential facilities, 8.4.2.7

bundling, 8.4.2.5

discrimination, 8.4.2.3

excessive pricing, 8.4.2.1

introduction, 8.4.2

Microsoft case, 8.4.2.8

predation, 8.4.2.2

refusal to supply, 8.4.2.6

tying, 8.4.2.5

vertical restraints, 8.4.2.4

dominance

growth and innovation, 8.4.1.2

intellectual property rights, 8.4.1.2.2

introduction, 8.4.1

joint dominance, 8.4.1.3

market share, 8.4.1.1

network effects, 8.4.1.2.1

enforcement

commitments, 8.5.5

complaints, 8.5.1

fines,

8.5.6

interim measures, 8.5.3

investigations, 8.5.2

orders to terminate infringements, 8.5.4

whistleblowing, 8.5.7

introduction, 8.4

legal framework, 8.2.1

Acceptance

acknowledgement, and, 2.1.4.1.1

authentication, 2.1.4.5

"battle of the forms", 2.1.4.3

communication of, 2.1.4.1.1

conduct, by, 2.1.4.1.1

consumers, by, 2.1.4.1.1

digital signatures

advanced, 2.1.4.5.2

basic, 2.1.4.5.1

e-mail, by

generally, 2.1.4.1.2

timing, 2.1.4.2.2

ignorance of offer, 2.1.4.1.1

intention, and, 2.1.4.1.1

introduction, 2.1.4

means, 2.1.4.1

mistake, and, 2.1.4.4

post, by, 2.1.4.2.1

telephone, by, 2.1.4.2.1

timing, 2.1.4.2

website, through

generally, 2.1.4.1.1

timing, 2.1.4.2.3

Access to the Internet

introduction, 9.1.1

OFCOM regulation, 9.1.2

self-regulation, 9.1.4

VOIP, 9.1.3

Acquiescence

trade marks, and, 4.4.8.1

Applicable law

trade marks, and, 4.8.5

Advertising

introduction, 9.3

unfair commercial practices

aggressive practices, 9.3.2.4

enforcement, 9.3.2.6

general prohibition, 9.3.2.3

generally, 9.3.2.2

introduction, 9.3.2

misleading practices, 9.3.2.4

scope of regulation, 9.3.2.1

typical consumer, 9.3.2.5

voluntary codes

enforcement, 9.3.1.2

introduction, 9.3.1

scope of regulation, 9.3.1.1

Audiovisual media

EC Directive

background, 9.6.2.1

next steps, 9.6.2.3

non-linear services, 9.6.2.2

legislative framework, 9.6.1

Acknowledgement

acceptance, and, 2.1.4.1.1

Actus reus

unauthorised access, and

alteration of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

automatic causation of function, 5.1.2.1.2

computer, 5.1.2.1.1

copying programs and data, 5.1.2.1.3

data, 5.1.2.1.1

erasure of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

function on any computer, 5.1.2.1.2

held in any computer, 5.1.2.1.1

introduction, 5.1.2.1

moving programs and data, 5.1.2.1.3

output of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

performing any function, 5.1.2.1.2

program, 5.1.2.1.1

securing access, 5.1.2.1.3

unsuccessful attempts, 5.1.2.1.2

using a program, 5.1.2.1.3

unauthorised acts to impair or to prevent or hinder access, and, 5.1.4.1.1

Adapting articles for commission for an offence

generally, 5.1.5.1

introduction, 5.1.5

sentencing, 5.1.5.4

Anonymous data

data protection, and, 6.2.1.3

Anti-competitive agreements

(see and see Competition law)

agreements, 8.3.2

appreciability, 8.3.8

concerted practices, 8.3.2

decisions of associations of undertakings, 8.3.3

discriminating between customers

attaching supplementary unconnected obligations, 8.3.7.5

control of production, markets, development or investment, 8.3.7.2

fixing purchase or sale prices, 8.3.7.1

introduction, 8.3.7

sharing markets or sources of supply, 8.3.7.3

effect on trade, 8.3.4

enforcement

commitments, 8.5.5

complaints, 8.5.1

fines, 8.5.6

interim measures, 8.5.3

investigations, 8.5.2

orders to terminate infringements, 8.5.4

whistleblowing, 8.5.7

exempt agreements, 8.3.11

block exemptions, 8.3.11.2

individual exemptions, 8.3.11.1

introduction, 8.3.11

geographic market, 8.3.9

introduction, 8.3

jurisdiction, 8.3.5

legal framework, 8.2.1

market definition, 8.3.9

object or effect, 8.3.6

prevention, restriction or distortion of competition, 8.3.7

product market, 8.3.9

undertakings, 8.3.1

Anti-competitive conduct

(see and see Competition law)

abuse

access to essential facilities, 8.4.2.7

bundling, 8.4.2.5

discrimination, 8.4.2.3

excessive pricing, 8.4.2.1

introduction, 8.4.2

Microsoft case, 8.4.2.8

predation, 8.4.2.2

refusal to supply, 8.4.2.6

tying, 8.4.2.5

vertical restraints, 8.4.2.4

dominance

growth and innovation, 8.4.1.2

intellectual property rights, 8.4.1.2.2

introduction, 8.4.1

joint dominance, 8.4.1.3

market share, 8.4.1.1

network effects, 8.4.1.2.1

enforcement

commitments, 8.5.5

complaints, 8.5.1

fines, 8.5.6

interim measures, 8.5.3

investigations, 8.5.2

orders to terminate infringements, 8.5.4

whistleblowing, 8.5.7

introduction, 8.4

legal framework, 8.2.1

Anti-terrorism

defences

hosting, 5.4.2.3.2

mere conduit, 5.4.2.3.2

take down notices, 5.4.2.3.1

dissemination of terrorist publications, 5.4.2.2

introduction, 5.4

publication of terrorist statements, 5.4.2.1

threat to electronic systems, 5.4.1

Archives

data protection, and, 6.2.3.2.1

ARPANET

background, 1.2–1.3

Artistic works

copyright, and, 4.9.2.1

Auctions

intellectual property rights, and, 2.3.6

Authorship

copyright, and, 4.9.4.2

Automated processing

data protection, and, 6.2.5.6.3

Automatic-answer modems

data protection, and, 6.2.5.7.2

B

Back-up

data protection, and, 6.2.5.7.1

websites, and, 4.15.1

"Battle of the forms"

acceptance, and, 2.1.4.3

Breach of duty

generally, 3.1.1.2

harm to website user, 3.1.2.2.2

viruses, 3.1.2.1.2

Broadcasts

(see and see Copyright)

generally, 4.9.2.1

qualification for protections, 4.9.4.3

Browsers

generally, 1.5.9.2

Brussels Regulation

civil and commercial matter, 2.4.1.1

consumer contracts

direct activities to several member states, 2.4.1.6.2

introduction, 2.4.1.6

pursuing activities in consumer's member state, 2.4.1.6.1

contract, and

civil and commercial matter, 2.4.1.1

consumer contracts, 2.4.1.6

domicile of defendant, 2.4.1.2

express choice of clause, 2.4.1.7

introduction, 2.4

meaning of 'contract', 2.4.1.3

other obligations, 2.4.1.5

place of performance, 2.4.1.4

defamation, 3.7.2.2.4

digital damage, 3.7.2.2.1

domicile of defendant

company domicile, 2.4.1.2.2

EFTA state domicile, 2.4.1.2.1–2.4.1.2.2

individual, 2.4.1.2.1

introduction, 2.4.1.2

legal person's domicile, 2.4.1.2.2

member state domicile, 2.4.1.2.1–2.4.1.2.2

non-member state domicile, 2.4.1.2.1–2.4.1.2.2

UK domicile, 2.4.1.2.1–2.4.1.2.2

express choice of clause, 2.4.1.7

location of harmful events, 3.7.2.2

negligent misstatement, 3.7.2.2.3

place of performance, 2.4.1.4

secondary damage, 3.7.2.2.2

tort, and

defamation, 3.7.2.2.4

digital damage, 3.7.2.2.1

generally, 3.7.2

introduction, 3.7.1

location of harmful events, 3.7.2.2

meaning of 'tort', 3.7.2.1

negligent misstatement, 3.7.2.2.3

secondary damage, 3.7.2.2.2

Bulletin boards

generally, 1.5.5

Hedley Byrne v Heller, and, 3.4.1.3.2

C

Cancellation rights

cancellable goods and services, 9.5.2.4.1

consumer obligations, 9.5.2.4.8

effects, 9.5.2.4.7

financial contracts with customers, and

cancellable services, 9.2.3.3.1

introduction, 9.2.3.3

manner of cancellation, 9.2.3.3.2

obligations, 9.2.3.3.3

introduction, 9.5.2.4

manner of cancellation, 9.5.2.4.3

supplier not provided information in durable medium, where, 9.5.2.4.6

supplier obligations, 9.5.2.4.9

time limits for goods, 9.5.2.4.4

time limits for services, 9.5.2.4.5

Cartel offence

(see and see Competition law)

generally, 8.6

legal framework, 8.2.2

Causation

harm to website user, 3.1.2.2.4

intervening acts, 3.1.1.4.3

introduction, 3.1.1.4

'thin-skull' rule, 3.1.1.4.1

type of damage, 3.1.1.4.2

viruses, 3.1.2.1.4

Choice of law

absence of choice

characteristic performance, 2.5.3.1

consumer contracts, 2.5.3.3.1

course of trade or profession, 2.5.3.2.1

generally, 2.5.3

location, 2.5.3.2

modifications to, 2.5.3.3

outside trade or profession, 2.5.3.2.3

website's place of business, 2.5.3.2.2

contract, and

absence of choice, 2.5.3

express choice, 2.5.2

introduction, 2.5

Rome Convention, 2.5.1

double actionability test, 3.8.1.1

express choice

consumer contracts, 2.5.2.2.4

demonstration of, 2.5.2.1

generally, 2.5.2

modifications to, 2.5.2.2

UCTA, and, 2.5.2.2.3

websites, and, 2.5.2.2.4

introduction, 2.5

Rome Convention, 2.5.1

tort, and

common law, at, 3.8.1

double actionability test, 3.8.1.1

introduction, 3.8

statute, under, 3.8.2

Codes of conduct

pre-contract information, and, 2.1.2.3.1

Competition law

abuse of dominant position

abuse, 8.4.2

access to essential facilities, 8.4.2.7

bundling, 8.4.2.5

discrimination, 8.4.2.3

dominance, 8.4.1

excessive pricing, 8.4.2.1

growth and innovation, 8.4.1.2

intellectual property rights, 8.4.1.2.2

introduction, 8.4

joint dominance, 8.4.1.3

legal framework, 8.2.1

market share, 8.4.1.1

Microsoft case, 8.4.2.8

network effects, 8.4.1.2.1

predation, 8.4.2.2

refusal to supply, 8.4.2.6

tying, 8.4.2.5

vertical restraints, 8.4.2.4

anti-competitive agreements

agreements, 8.3.2

appreciability, 8.3.8

attaching supplementary unconnected obligations, 8.3.7.5

block exemptions, 8.3.11.2

concerted practices, 8.3.2

control of production, markets, development or investment, 8.3.7.2

convergence, 8.3.10

decisions of associations of undertakings, 8.3.3

discriminating between customers, 8.3.7

effect on trade, 8.3.4

exempt agreements, 8.3.11

fixing purchase or sale prices, 8.3.7.1

geographic market, 8.3.9

individual exemptions, 8.3.11.1

introduction, 8.3

jurisdiction, 8.3.5

legal framework, 8.2.1

market definition, 8.3.9

object or effect, 8.3.6

prevention, restriction or distortion of competition, 8.3.7

product market, 8.3.9

sharing markets or sources of supply, 8.3.7.3

undertakings, 8.3.1

cartel offence

generally, 8.6

legal framework, 8.2.2

enforcement

commitments, 8.5.5

complaints, 8.5.1

fines, 8.5.6

interim measures, 8.5.3

investigations, 8.5.2

orders to terminate infringements, 8.5.4

whistleblowing, 8.5.7

introduction, 8.1

legal framework, 8.2

market investigations

generally, 8.8

legal framework, 8.2.3

merger control

Enterprise Act, 8.7.2

generally, 8.7

legal framework, 8.2.4

Regulation, 8.7.1

sector-specific legislation, 8.2.5

Computer misuse

extradition

generally, 5.1.6.2

introduction, 5.1.6

hacking for further criminal purpose

further offence, 5.1.3.1

future intention, 5.1.3.3

impossible further offence, 5.1.3.4

intention, 5.1.3.2

introduction, 5.1.3

sentencing, 5.1.3.5

introduction, 5.1.1

jurisdiction

double criminality, 5.1.6.1.2

generally, 5.1.6.1

introduction, 5.1.6

location of accused, 5.1.6.1.1

location of victim computer, 5.1.6.1.1

section 1, under, 5.1.6.1.1

section 2, under, 5.1.6.1.2

section 3, under, 5.1.6.1.3

significant link, 5.1.6.1.1

making, adapting, supplying or offering to supply articles for commission for an offence

generally, 5.1.5.1

introduction, 5.1.5

sentencing, 5.1.5.4

obtaining an article for supply or assistance in commission of an offence

generally, 5.1.5.3

introduction, 5.1.5

sentencing, 5.1.5.4

supply of article to commit or assist in commission of an offence

generally, 5.1.5.2

introduction, 5.1.5.2

sentencing, 5.1.5.4

unauthorised access

actus reus, 5.1.2.1

conduct, 5.1.2.1

for further criminal purpose, 5.1.3

intention, 5.1.2.2

introduction, 5.1.2

mens rea, 5.1.2.2

sentencing, 5.1.2.3

unauthorised acts to impair or to prevent or hinder access

actus reus, 5.1.4.1

conduct, 5.1.4.1

intention, 5.1.4.2

introduction, 5.1.4

mens rea, 5.1.4.2

sentencing, 5.1.4.3

Computer software

trade marks, and, 4.2.4.1

websites, and, 4.9.6.3.7

Conduct

acceptance, and, 2.1.4.1.1

Consent

negligence, and

generally, 3.1.1.5.2

viruses, 3.1.2.1.5

trade marks, and, 4.4.8.1

Consideration

introduction, 2.1.5

web-wrap, 2.1.5.1

Consumer contracts

see also Contracting with consumers

jurisdiction, and

direct activities to several member states, 2.4.1.6.2

introduction, 2.4.1.6

pursuing activities in consumer's member state, 2.4.1.6.1

Contract

acceptance

authentication, 2.1.4.5

"battle of the forms", 2.1.4.3

digital signatures, 2.1.4.5

e-mail, by, 2.1.4.1.2

introduction, 2.1.4

means, 2.1.4.1

mistake, and, 2.1.4.4

timing, 2.1.4.2

website, through, 2.1.4.1.1

choice of law

absence of choice, 2.5.3

express choice, 2.5.2

introduction, 2.5

Rome Convention, 2.5.1

consideration

introduction, 2.1.5

web-wrap, 2.1.5.1

digital signatures, 2.1.4.5

formation of contract

(see And see Formation of contract)

acceptance, 2.1.4

consideration, 2.1.5

general approach, 2.1.1

intention, 2.1.6

introduction, 2.1

invitations to treat, 2.1.3

offers, 2.1.3

pre-contract information, 2.1.2

intellectual property rights

auctions, 2.3.6

exhaustion of rights, 2.3.1

express licence, 2.3.5

implied licence, 2.3.4

introduction, 2.3

retention of title, 2.3.2

use as copying, 2.3.3

intention

introduction, 2.1.6

programmed intention, 2.1.6.1

invitations to treat

introduction, 2.1.3

location, 2.1.3.5

misrepresentations, 2.1.3.4

shops, 2.1.3.2

timing, 2.1.3.5

web invitations, 2.1.3.3

webvertisements, 2.1.3.1

jurisdiction

civil and commercial matter, 2.4.1.1

common law, at, 2.4.1.8

consumer contracts, 2.4.1.6

contract, and, 2.4.1.3

domicile of defendant, 2.4.1.2

express choice of clause, 2.4.1.7

introduction, 2.4

other obligations, 2.4.1.5

place of performance, 2.4.1.4

misrepresentations, 2.1.3.4

offers

introduction, 2.1.3

location, 2.1.3.5

misrepresentations, 2.1.3.4

shops, 2.1.3.2

timing, 2.1.3.5

web invitations, 2.1.3.3

webvertisements, 2.1.3.1

payment

credit card, 2.2.2

digital cash, 2.2.3

generally, 2.2.1

performance

payment, 2.2

pre-contract information

establishment of providers, 2.1.2.1

general information, 2.1.2.2

introduction, 2.1.2

transactional information, 2.1.2.3

stipulation by parties, 2.1.1.1

type, 2.3

financial products and services

(see and see Financial products and services)

cancellation rights, 9.2.3.3

distance consumer contracts, 9.2.3.1

introduction, 9.2.3

pre-contract information, 9.2.3.2

risks of breach of regulations, 9.2.3.4

introduction, 9.5.1

dramatic works, 4.9.2.1

electronic mail, 4.9.6.1

films, 4.9.2.1

fixation, 4.9.2.2

forums

conversation threads, 4.9.6.2.1

introduction, 4.9.6.2

UGC forums, 4.9.6.2.2

infringement

adaptation, 4.11.6

communication to the public, 4.11.5

copying, 4.11.1

examples, 4.13

introduction, 4.11

issuing copies to the public, 4.11.2

lending to the public, 4.11.3

performing in public, 4.11.4

playing in public, 4.11.4

renting to the public, 4.11.3

showing in public, 4.11.4

Internet examples

electronic mail, 4.9.6.1

forums, 4.9.6.2

introduction, 4.9.6

web links, 4.9.6.4

websites, 4.9.6.3

introduction, 4.9

issuing copies to the public, 4.11.2

jurisdiction over infringement, 4.16

lending to the public, 4.11.3

literary works, 4.9.2.1

moral rights

(see and see Moral rights)

infringement, 4.10.4

integrity, 4.10.2

introduction, 4.10

paternity, 4.10.1

waiver, 4.10.3

musical works, 4.9.2.1

originality, 4.9.2.3

performers' rights, 4.9.2.1

performing in public, 4.11.4

place of publication, 4.9.4.1

playing in public, 4.11.4

prohibited acts

adaptation, 4.11.6

communication to the public, 4.11.5

copying, 4.11.1

examples, 4.13

introduction, 4.11

issuing copies to the public, 4.11.2

lending to the public, 4.11.3

performing in public, 4.11.4

playing in public, 4.11.4

renting to the public, 4.11.3

showing in public, 4.11.4

protected works

fixation, 4.9.2.2

generally, 4.9.2.1

originality, 4.9.2.3

skill, labour or judgment, 4.9.2.4

protection

generally, 4.9.1

qualification, 4.9.4

relevant works, 4.9.2

scope, 4.9.3

term of protection, 4.9.5

qualification for protection

authorship, 4.9.4.2

broadcasts, 4.9.4.3

introduction, 4.9.4

place of publication, 4.9.4.1

renting to the public, 4.11.3

scope of protection, 4.9.3

search engines, 4.14

showing in public, 4.11.4

skill, labour or judgment, 4.9.2.4

sound recordings, 4.9.2.1

term of protection, 4.9.5

typographical arrangements, 4.9.2.1

web links

generally, 4.9.6.4

infringement, 4.14

websites

backup copies, 4.15.1

commercial issues, 4.9.6.3.6

computer programs, as, 4.9.6.3.7

creation, 4.9.6.3.1

deep links, 4.15.4

framing, 4.15.2

generally, 4.9.6.3

graphics, 4.9.6.3.4

infringement, 4.15

joint authorship, 4.9.6.3.9

jurisdiction over infringement, 4.16

'look and feel', 4.9.6.3.8

making an unlicensed article, 4.15.3

music, 4.9.6.3.5

preparatory material, 4.9.6.3.2

sounds, 4.9.6.3.5

spiders, 4.15.4

text, 4.9.6.3.3

generally, 7.1

D

Damage

defamation, and, 3.6.4.1

negligence, and

generally, 3.1.1.3

harm to website user, 3.1.2.2.3

viruses, 3.1.2.1.3

trespass, and, 3.2.3

Data controllers

'actual or potential processed data', 6.2.3.1.2

'determines', 6.2.3.1.1

generally, 6.2.3.1

introduction, 6.2.3

jurisdictional scope, 6.2.3.1.3

Data processors

archives, 6.2.3.2.1

data warehousing, 6.2.3.2.1

generally, 6.2.3.2

introduction, 6.2.3

remote manipulation, 6.2.3.2.3

servers, 6.2.3.2.2

Data protection

accurate and up-to-date data

'accuracy', 6.2.5.4.1

Internet data sources, 6.2.5.4.1

introduction, 6.2.5.4

notification of inaccuracy, 6.2.5.4.1

'up-to-date', 6.2.5.4.2

adequate, relevant and not excessive data

future business models, 6.2.5.3.3

introduction, 6.2.5.3

living individual, 6.2.5.3.1

P3P, 6.2.5.3.2

anonymous data, 6.2.1.3

archives, 6.2.3.2.1

automated processing, 6.2.5.6.3

automatic-answer modems, 6.2.5.7.2

back-up of data, 6.2.5.7.1

data, 6.2.1.1

data controllers

'actual or potential processed data', 6.2.3.1.2

'determines', 6.2.3.1.1

generally, 6.2.3.1

introduction, 6.2.3

jurisdictional scope, 6.2.3.1.3

data processors

archives, 6.2.3.2.1

data warehousing, 6.2.3.2.1

generally, 6.2.3.2

introduction, 6.2.3

remote manipulation, 6.2.3.2.3

servers, 6.2.3.2.2

data subject access, 6.2.5.6.1

data warehousing, 6.2.3.2.1

definitions

data controllers, 6.2.3

data processors, 6.2.3

introduction, 6.2

personal data, 6.2.1

processing, 6.2.2

deletion of data, 6.2.5.7.1

destruction of data, 6.2.5.7.1

direct marketing, and

(see and see Direct marketing)

consent requirements, 6.3.2

enforcement, 6.3.3

introduction, 6.3

penalties, 6.3.3

process in accordance with data subject's rights, 6.2.5.6.2

transparency requirements, 6.3.1

duration of retention of data, 6.2.5.5

electronic mail marketing, 6.2.5.6.2

enforcement, 6.2.6

fair and lawful processing

additional conditions, 6.2.5.1.4

consent to processing, 6.2.5.1.4

disingenuous consent, 6.2.5.1.1

freely given, 6.2.5.1.4

identity of data user, 6.2.5.1.1

information obligations, 6.2.5.1.1

informed consent, 6.2.5.1.4

introduction, 6.2.5.1

non-obvious purposes, 6.2.5.1.1

obtaining data fairly, 6.2.5.1.1

obtaining information fairly, 6.2.5.1.2

prior consent, 6.2.5.1.1

processing data fairly, 6.2.5.1.3

processing data lawfully, 6.2.5.1.5

processing necessary, 6.2.5.1.4

surreptitious obtaining, 6.2.5.1.1

interception of communications, and

(see and see Interception of communications)

data access obligations, 6.4.2

data retention obligations, 6.4.3

introduction, 6.4

restrictions, 6.4.1

keep no longer than necessary

historical data, 6.2.5.5.2

introduction, 6.2.5.5

multiple purposes, 6.2.5.5.1

'purge rule', 6.2.5.5.3

keep secure

'appropriate', 6.2.5.7.1

automatic-answer modems, 6.2.5.7.2

back-up of data, 6.2.5.7.1

deletion of data, 6.2.5.7.1

destruction of data, 6.2.5.7.1

e-mail transactions, 6.2.5.7.2

Internet security, 6.2.5.7.2

introduction, 6.2.5.7

networks, 6.2.5.7.2

'organisation, adaptation or alteration', 6.2.5.7.1

outsourcing, 6.2.5.7.1

'processing', 6.2.5.7.1

remote access, 6.2.5.7.2

social authority, 6.2.5.7.1

technical authority, 6.2.5.7.1

'unauthorised', 6.2.5.7.1

viruses, 6.2.5.7.2

web servers, 6.2.5.7.2

lawful obtaining, 6.2.5.2.2

legislative provision

Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, 6.1.5

Data Protection Act 1998, 6.1.2

Data Retention Directive, 6.1.6

introduction, 6.1

Regulations, 6.1.3

RIPA 2000, 6.1.4

notification

contents, 6.2.4.2

exemptions, 6.2.4.1

introduction, 6.2.4

obtaining for lawful purposes, 6.2.5.2.2

obtaining for specified purposes, 6.2.5.2.1

opinions on individuals, 6.2.1.2.4

outsourcing, 6.2.5.7.1

P3P, 6.2.5.3.2

"personal"

introduction, 6.2.1.2

living individual, 6.2.1.2.2

opinions on individuals, 6.2.1.2.4

possession of other information, 6.2.1.2.3

relate to an individual, 6.2.1.2.1

personal data

anonymous, 6.2.1.3

data, 6.2.1.1

personal, 6.2.1.2

principles

accurate and up-to-date, 6.2.5.4

adequate, relevant and not excessive, 6.2.5.3

fair and lawful processing, 6.2.5.1

introduction, 6.2.5

keep no longer than necessary, 6.2.5.5

keep secure, 6.2.5.7

process in accordance with data subject's rights, 6.2.5.6

prohibition of data transfer, 6.2.5.8

specified and lawful purposes, 6.2.5.2

Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003, 6.1.3

process in accordance with data subject's rights

automated processing, 6.2.5.6.3

data subject access, 6.2.5.6.1

direct marketing, 6.2.5.6.2

electronic mail marketing, 6.2.5.6.2

introduction, 6.2.5.6

processing, 6.2.2

prohibition of data transfer

assessment of adequacy, 6.2.5.8.3

case-by-case approval, 6.2.5.8.5

contractual clauses, 6.2.5.8.4

corporate rules, 6.2.5.8.6

EC Directive derogations, 6.2.5.8.7

EU determination of adequacy, 6.2.5.8.1

introduction, 6.2.5.8

US Safe Harbor Scheme, 6.2.5.8.2

Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, 6.1.4

remote access, 6.2.5.7.2

remote manipulation, 6.2.3.2.3

servers, 6.2.3.2.2

specified and lawful purposes, 6.2.5.2

value of personal data database, 6.2.5.2.3

viruses, 6.2.5.7.2

web servers, 6.2.5.7.2

compulsory scheme, 6.4.3.2

costs, 6.4.3.1.4

duration, 6.4.3.1.3

introduction, 6.4.3

purposes, 6.4.3.1.2

types of data, 6.4.3.1.1

voluntary scheme, 6.4.3.1

caching, 4.12.4.3

Creative Commons licences, 4.12.4.2

dealings

course of business, 4.12.3.3

exhibit, distribute and possess, 4.12.3.4

introduction, 4.12.3.2

knowledge, 4.12.3.5

reason to believe, 4.12.3.5–4.12.3.6

hosting, 4.12.4.4

infringement

dealings, 4.12.3

defences, 4.12.4

'extracts', 4.12

introduction, 4.12

secondary, 4.12.2

'substantial part', 4.12.1

'utilises', 4.12

introduction, 4.9.7

licences

Creative Commons, 4.12.4.2

generally, 4.12.4

temporary licence, 4.12.4.1

scope, 4.9.8.1

secondary infringement, 4.12.2

term of protection, 4.9.8.2

copyright, and, 4.9.7.1

Regulations, 2.1

risks of breach of regulations

extension of cancellation rights, 9.5.2.5.1

financial contracts with customers, 9.2.3.4

injunctions, 9.5.2.5.2

introduction, 9.5.2.5

'stop now' orders, 9.5.2.5.2

scope of regulation

consumers, 9.5.2.1.3

exempt transactions, 9.5.2.1.1

introduction, 9.5.2.1

means of distance communication, 9.5.2.1.2

suppliers, 9.5.2.1.3

suppliers and consumers, 9.5.2.1.3

E

Economic loss

negligence, and, 3.1.2.1.3

Economic torts

generally, 3.3.4

Electronic Commerce Regulations

generally, 2.1

obscene material, and, 5.3.4.2

Electronic mail marketing

data protection, and, 6.2.5.6.2

Electronic money

(see and see Financial products and services)

regulation, 9.2.2

Electronic signatures

advanced, 2.1.4.5.2

basic, 2.1.4.5.1

E-mail

acceptance, and

generally, 2.1.4.1.2

timing, 2.1.4.2.2

copyright, and

generally, 4.9.6.1

infringement, 4.13.1

data protection, and

marketing, 6.2.5.6.2

security, 6.2.5.7.2

defamation, and, 3.6.3.1.3

direct marketing, and

corporate subscribers, to, 6.3.2.3

individual subscribers, to, 6.3.2.1–6.3.2.2

generally, 1.5.2

infringement of copyright, and

ISP, by, 4.13.1.2

recipient, by, 4.13.1.1

jurisdiction, and, 2.4.1.8.1

marketing, and, 6.2.5.6.2

offers, and, 2.1.3.5.1

E-mail contracts

jurisdiction, and, 2.4.1.8.1

Enforcement

competition law, and

commitments, 8.5.5

complaints, 8.5.1

fines, 8.5.6

interim measures, 8.5.3

investigations, 8.5.2

orders to terminate infringements, 8.5.4

whistleblowing, 8.5.7

data protection, and, 6.2.6

Establishment of providers

introduction, 2.1.2.1

location of servers, 2.1.2.1.1

multiple establishments, 2.1.2.1.2

Evidence (criminal)

burden

continuity of access evidence, 5.6.2.1

generally, 5.6.2

common law presumption, 5.6.1

continuity of access evidence

false identification, 5.6.2.1.2

fragmentation of Internet hacking, 5.6.2.1.1

generally, 5.6.2.1

spoofing, 5.6.2.1.2

introduction, 5.6

Exclusions

digital damage, 3.5.1.1

effectiveness, 3.5.2

incorporation, 3.5.2.1

limitations

introduction, 3.5.2.2

UCTA 1977, 3.5.2.2.1

UTCCR 1999, 3.5.2.2.2

negligent links, 3.5.1.3

negligent misstatement, 3.5.1.2

Exhaustion of rights

intellectual property rights, and, 2.3.1

Express licence

intellectual property rights, and, 2.3.5

Extradition

generally, 5.1.6.2

introduction, 5.1.6

F

Fair and lawful processing

see also Data protection

additional conditions, 6.2.5.1.4

consent to processing, 6.2.5.1.4

disingenuous consent, 6.2.5.1.1

freely given, 6.2.5.1.4

identity of data user, 6.2.5.1.1

information obligations, 6.2.5.1.1

informed consent, 6.2.5.1.4

introduction, 6.2.5.1

non-obvious purposes, 6.2.5.1.1

obtaining data fairly, 6.2.5.1.1

obtaining information fairly, 6.2.5.1.2

prior consent, 6.2.5.1.1

processing data fairly, 6.2.5.1.3

processing data lawfully, 6.2.5.1.5

processing necessary, 6.2.5.1.4

surreptitious obtaining, 6.2.5.1.1

False identification

criminal evidence, and, 5.6.2.1.2

Fax

offers, and, 2.1.3.5.1

File transfer protocol (FTP)

generally, 1.5.8

Films

copyright, and, 4.9.2.1

Financial contracts with customers

cancellation rights

cancellable services, 9.2.3.3.1

introduction, 9.2.3.3

manner of cancellation, 9.2.3.3.2

obligations, 9.2.3.3.3

distance consumer contracts

introduction, 9.2.3.1

means of distance communication, 9.2.3.1.2

suppliers and consumers, 9.2.3.1.3

transaction types, 9.2.3.1.1

introduction, 9.2.3

pre-contract information

introduction, 9.2.3.2

manner of provision, 9.2.3.2.1

risks of breach of regulations, 9.2.3.4

Financial products and services

contracts with customers

cancellation rights, 9.2.3.3

distance consumer contracts, 9.2.3.1

introduction, 9.2.3

pre-contract information, 9.2.3.2

risks of breach of regulations, 9.2.3.4

electronic money, 9.2.2

financial promotions rules

Electronic Commerce Directive, 9.2.1.1

general rules, 9.2.1.2

introduction, 9.2.1

introduction, 9.2

Fixation

copyright, and, 4.9.2.2

Formation of contracts

acceptance

authentication, 2.1.4.5

"battle of the forms", 2.1.4.3

digital signatures, 2.1.4.5

e-mail, by, 2.1.4.1.2

introduction, 2.1.4

means, 2.1.4.1

mistake, and, 2.1.4.4

timing, 2.1.4.2

website, through, 2.1.4.1.1

consideration

introduction, 2.1.5

web-wrap, 2.1.5.1

digital signatures, 2.1.4.5

Distance Selling Regulations, 2.1

Electronic Commerce Regulations, 2.1

general approach, 2.1.1

intention

introduction, 2.1.6

programmed intention, 2.1.6.1

introduction, 2.1

invitations to treat

introduction, 2.1.3

location, 2.1.3.5

misrepresentations, 2.1.3.4

shops, 2.1.3.2

timing, 2.1.3.5

web invitations, 2.1.3.3

webvertisements, 2.1.3.1

misrepresentations, 2.1.3.4

offers

introduction, 2.1.3

location, 2.1.3.5

misrepresentations, 2.1.3.4

shops, 2.1.3.2

timing, 2.1.3.5

web invitations, 2.1.3.3

webvertisements, 2.1.3.1

pre-contract information

establishment of providers, 2.1.2.1

general information, 2.1.2.2

introduction, 2.1.2

transactional information, 2.1.2.3

stipulation by parties, 2.1.1.1

web invitations, 2.1.3.3

webvertisements, 2.1.3.1

Forums

copyright, and

conversation threads, 4.9.6.2.1

infringement, 4.13.1.3

introduction, 4.9.6.2

UGC forums, 4.9.6.2.2

defamation, and, 3.6.3.1.3

generally, 1.5.6

Framing

websites, and, 4.15.2

Fraud

generally, 5.2

G

Gambling

betting, 9.4.1.1

enforcement, 9.4.1.6

facilities provision, 9.4.1.5

gaming, 9.4.1.2

generally, 9.4.1

introduction, 9.4

licensing, 9.4.1.6

lotteries, 9.4.1.3

meaning, 9.4.1

remote gambling, 9.4.1.4

Graphics

websites, and, 4.9.6.3.4

H

'Hacking'

actus reus

alteration of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

automatic causation of function, 5.1.2.1.2

computer, 5.1.2.1.1

copying programs and data, 5.1.2.1.3

data, 5.1.2.1.1

erasure of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

function on any computer, 5.1.2.1.2

held in any computer, 5.1.2.1.1

introduction, 5.1.2.1

moving programs and data, 5.1.2.1.3

output of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

performing any function, 5.1.2.1.2

program, 5.1.2.1.1

securing access, 5.1.2.1.3

unsuccessful attempts, 5.1.2.1.2

using a program, 5.1.2.1.3

alteration of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

automatic causation of function, 5.1.2.1.2

computer, 5.1.2.1.1

conduct, 5.1.2.1

copying programs and data, 5.1.2.1.3

data, 5.1.2.1.1

erasure of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

for further criminal purpose, 5.1.3

function on any computer, 5.1.2.1.2

held in any computer, 5.1.2.1.1

intention, 5.1.2.2

introduction, 5.1.2

mens rea

insiders, 5.1.2.2.4

intention to secure access, 5.1.2.2.1

introduction, 5.1.2.2

outsiders, 5.1.2.2.3

unauthorised, 5.1.2.2.2

moving programs and data, 5.1.2.1.3

output of programs or data, 5.1.2.1.3

performing any function, 5.1.2.1.2

program, 5.1.2.1.1

securing access, 5.1.2.1.3

sentencing, 5.1.2.3

unauthorised, 5.1.2.2.2

unsuccessful attempts, 5.1.2.1.2

using a program, 5.1.2.1.3

'Hacking' for further criminal purpose

further offence, 5.1.3.1

future intention, 5.1.3.3

impossible further offence, 5.1.3.4

intention, 5.1.3.2

introduction, 5.1.3

sentencing, 5.1.3.5

Harassment

Communications Act, under, 5.5.3

introduction, 5.5

Malicious Communications Act, under, 5.5.2

Protection from Harassment Act, under

causing fear of violence, 5.5.1.2

introduction, 5.5.1

relevant conduct, 5.5.1.1

Harm to website user

breach of duty, 3.1.2.2.2

causation, 3.1.2.2.4

damage, 3.1.2.2.3

defences, 3.1.2.2.5

duty of care, 3.1.2.2.1

introduction, 3.1.2.2

Hedley Byrne v Heller

bulletin boards, 3.4.1.3.2

finding or requesting, 3.4.1.4.2

identity, 3.4.2

instant messaging, 3.4.1.3.1

introduction, 3.4.1

reasonable reliance

information, on, 3.4.1.4

Internet, on, 3.4.1.3

tailored websites, 3.4.1.4.1

website, 3.4.1.3.3

Hosting defence

anti-terrorism, and, 5.4.2.3.2

defamation, and, 3.6.3.2.1

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

generally, 1.5.9.1